Immunological aspects of type 2 inflammation
Type 2 immunity generally refers to immune responses mediated by TH2-cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 produced by innate type 2 lymphoid cells (ILC2) and helper TH2-lymphocytes. This form of immunity serves to control and protect epithelial barriers primarily from helminths (worms) but also from non-infectious substances, as well as to maintain tissue homeostasis. The effector mechanisms of type 2 immunity are complex and include activation of B lymphocytes and IgE production, eosinophilia, tissue infiltration by immune cells, and direct action of TH2-cytokines and immune cell products on surrounding tissue. When this form of immunity is triggered in response to non-infectious substances (e.g. allergens) and left unregulated, type 2 inflammation develops, which is a common feature of allergic diseases (e.g. asthma and atopic dermatitis). Although sharing similar immunopathogenesis, allergic diseases are heterogeneous with respect to the clinical presentation as well as course of the disease. Therefore, a paradigm shift may be called for in defining allergic diseases based on immunopathogenesis. Modern treatment of chronic allergic diseases targets proximal inflammatory factors (cytokines) by monoclonal antibodies. A more accurate definition of allergic diseases based on the immunopathogenesis of the TH2 response will allow even more effective personalized treatment of this group of diseases.
Key words:
cytokines; type 2 immunity; type 2 inflammation; allergy
OGLASI
